Evolution Korea
South Korea's democratic system is vulnerable to populist tendencies. Nonetheless, it is healthier than one would expect.
The country is searching for an innovative development paradigm. A Confucian culture that emphasizes respect for the ancestors and gendered family relationships continues to influence the society. There are indications of a secularist culture trend that is emerging.
Origins
During prehistoric times the ancestors of the modern Koreans survived by hunting and gathering wild food. Around 10,000 years ago, they began to cultivate millet, beans and other crops. They also raised livestock and made furs. They created tribal states in Manchuria and later on the Korean peninsula. They also established an industry for metalworking, which produced bronze tools, and later iron tools. They traded with other countries and introduced celadon and block printing to Japan along with styles of art as well as a written language and paper making.
In 2333 BCE Gojoseon was established on the southern part of the peninsula. The state embraced Buddhism and adopted Chinese culture, including Confucian philosophy. In this period the people of Buyeo became part of Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a state of hierarchy where the monarch and senior officials came from the land aristocracy, while the rest of its population was peasants. The state took taxes from these citizens, and sometimes forced them to join the army or construct fortifications.
Onjo, a prince from Goguryeo who was also the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo established the state of Baekje at the end of the period. This new kingdom expanded into the southwest of the peninsula, and fought against Goguryeo's commanderies and China's in the region. Baekje included elements of Confucian thought into its state belief system and made the male-centric filiopiety concept as a law in 1390 CE. Under the cover of filiopiety fathers were accountable to their families. They must be obeyed by all and admired by even their grandchildren and children.
Goryeo, a nation that was ruled from 918 to 1392 CE, gave the world the Hangul Alphabet based upon the shapes created by the mouth when it pronounces. This greatly improved communication and led to a rise in the writing of Buddhist text. Woodblock printing and movable type were also improved. It was during this period that the Samguk sagi, or 'History Of the Three Kingdoms' was first written in 1145 CE.
Development in Korea
The Korean peninsula was inhabited from Neolithic times to. Early evidence of human settlements can be seen in the form cist graves paved with stone, and decorated with precious objects like amazonite jewelry being buried alongside the dead. Megalithic structures, known as dolmens and constructed of single large stones, are widespread throughout the country.
In the first part of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognizable political state. The peninsula was then ruled by a number of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE) including Baekje and Goguryeo. The northern part of the peninsula was occupied for a time by the Balhae Kingdom that historians do believe to be a true Korean state.
Following the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states emerged in the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). In all of them, Baekje was the most powerful of them all but its dynasty dissolved with the fall of Goguryeo in 676 CE, leaving the southern provinces of Manchuria and the western region surrounding the Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy thrived for some time.
The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged, and the three kingdoms began to cooperate to expand their territorial holdings. Silla, with the help of the Chinese eventually conquered and united the peninsula in 935.
As Korea enters a post-crisis era the way it develops appears to be in flux. The people who are awed by the huge cost of the old systems support a comprehensive program of liberalization of labor, capital and product markets. On the other hand, champions of the old system seek to keep it in place by leveraging nationalist sentiments and generating fear over potential job losses.
Academics and analysts are divided on the extent to which Korea's development is influenced by these two trends. This article focuses on the five phases of the Korean evolution in terms of its political development including illiberal democracies (1945-60), democratic autoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-1877) democratic paternalism (2001-2002) and democratic participation (2002). This article also identifies the key factors that appear to be shaping these processes.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have made strides in promoting their beliefs to this segment. A survey from 2009 showed that nearly a third of respondents did not believe in evolution. Of those who voted, 41% stated that there was no scientific evidence to support the theory 39% of respondents claimed that it did not align with their religious beliefs; and 17% said they did not understand it. This level of doubt is similar to that of the United States, where a similar percentage of people are not convinced that humans evolved from earlier forms of life.
In the past, the anti-evolution campaign in Korea was primarily focused on the education of students and bringing Christ to them. In 1980 an all-day creation science seminar was held in Seoul during the World Evangelization Crusade. Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the keynote speakers. This event drew an audience of scientists, professors, and church leaders.
The event's success resulted in the formation of the Korea Association of Creation Research on January 31st of 1980. The inauguration meeting was widely covered in national newspapers, such as The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo and was well-received by the public.
KACR started publishing a newsletter titled CREATION. In it, the organization reported on its own activities and published articles about scientific evidence supporting creationism. It also translated a number of film strips and slides from ICR and also some books on the subject of creationism, which were published outside of Korea. KACR members also gave talks in churches and universities throughout the country.
One instance of a KACR success story occurred at the KAIST university in Seoul. Students at KAIST in Seoul were so interested in creationism, they raised funds and received funding to construct a small museum dedicated to creation on campus.
In addition to its work, KACR has published a bimonthly magazine called CREATION. The magazine covers subjects in the creation science. It also hosted a series of lectures by ICR staff. It has also established an organization of local branch offices that offer talks and seminars to children and community groups.
바카라 에볼루션 of South Korea
In the latter half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, Korea moved toward a Westernised lifestyle. The traditional Korean dress, the hanbok was replaced by miniskirts, as well as other foreign fashion elements. Similar to the way traditional Korean music styles were replaced by contemporary rock and roll and jazz. During this period, the famous samulnori or the masked dance-dramas were very popular. These dramatic dances were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drums and various musical instruments.
The economic crisis has shaped Korea's new model of development. The biggest challenge facing the new regime is to find a balance between market-oriented and state-led economic policies. It also requires changing incentives, monitoring, or disciplining schemes which have shaped the system prior to the crisis. These issues are discussed in Chapters 3 and 4.
Established by Onjo, prince of Goguryeo and the third son of Jumong, Baekje was established jointly by people living along the Hangang River, those from Buyeo and other areas and people from northern China. Baekje was one of the major regional powers in the early 4th Century expanded its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do south. As a result, it was in frequent confrontation with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanderies along the border.
The decline of Silla in the late 8th and early 9th centuries allowed powerful local factions to emerge. Gungye was a noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital. It also held control over a portion of present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Then, he moved the capital to Wansanju. He was an adversary to Goguryeo.
However, his rule was short-lived. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935 and unified Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla Later, he incorporated Baekje into Goryeo peacefully as a successor. In addition, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a centralized ruling system. This marked the end of the Three Kingdoms period. The Korean peninsula was then ruled by the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually grew to become powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.